2.9 Approaches to Pollution Control Product standards The product of a manufacturing process may itself give rise to pollution when in use, or upon disposal, in addition to any pollution that may have been caused during its manufacture. Accordingly product standards may be set to control the composition or construction of the product. One example is the Directive setting standards for the lead content of petrol and requiring unleaded petrol to be made available ( Section 6.7). Other examples are the Directives concerned with the composition of detergents ( Section 7.7) and with the construction of vehicles so as to limit emissions ( Section 6.8). If drinking water is regarded as a product then the Directive on the quality of drinking water ( Section 4.4) – classed above as an exposure standard – could also be regarded as a product standard. A special case of a product standard is a total prohibition on the use of a substance for specified purposes such as that contained in the Directive restricting the use of polychlorinated biphenyls ( see Section 7.5) to closed circuit electrical systems and some other limited applications. A voluntary scheme for the award of ‘ecolabels’ has been introduced by an EC Regulation ( see Section 11.7) to products with reduced environmental impact. The criteria include the polluting effects of the product during use, disposal and production. Although not strictly setting product standards, a number of Directives require certain products to be packaged and labelled in specified ways so as to minimize risks to the environment ( see Sections 7.3, 7.4 and 7.8). One such Directive requires paints containing more than a certain quantity of lead to be appropriately labelled ( see Section 7.4). In addition to the six standards applied at the control points shown in Figure 3.1, other approaches to pollution control are also possible such as the two described below. | 
